![]() The distinction between these two senses of "word" is arguably the most important one in morphology. Fundamental concepts Lexemes and word forms The term morphology was coined by August Schleicher in 1859. ‘alī Mas‘ūd, date back to at least 1200 CE. Studies in Arabic morphology, conducted by Marāḥ al-arwāḥ and Aḥmad b. ![]() The Greco-Roman grammatical tradition also engaged in morphological analysis. The history of morphological analysis dates back to the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini, who formulated the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī by using a constituency grammar. The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is called morphophonology. Beyond the agglutinative languages, a polysynthetic language like Chukchi will have words composed of many morphemes: The word "təmeyŋəlevtpəγtərkən" is composed of eight morphemes t-ə-meyŋ-ə-levt-pəγt-ə-rkən, that can be glossed 1.SG.SUBJ-great-head-hurt-PRES.1, meaning 'I have a fierce headache.' The morphology of such languages allows for each consonant and vowel to be understood as morphemes, just as the grammars of the language key the usage and understanding of each morpheme. In the Chinese languages, these are understood as grammars that represent the morphology of the language. However, this cannot be said of present-day Mandarin, in which most words are compounds (around 80%), and most roots are bound. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages, and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.Ī language like Classical Chinese instead uses unbound ("free") morphemes, but depends on post-phrase affixes, and word order to convey meaning. ![]() The rules understood by the speaker reflect specific patterns, or regularities, in the way words are formed from smaller units and how those smaller units interact in speech. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats similarly, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher, in one sense. Speakers of English (a fusional language) recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of the rules of word formation in English. ![]() For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related - differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", which is only found bound to nouns, and is never separate. While words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, if not all, words can be related to other words by rules ( grammars). Morphological typology represents a method for classifying languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used in a language -from the analytic that use only isolated morphemes, through the agglutinative ("stuck-together") and fusional languages that use bound morphemes ( affixes), up to the polysynthetic, which compress lots of separate morphemes into single words. In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/ stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). ![]()
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